Fitzpatrick, Cella, Harper & Scinto
Ferroelectric liquid crystal element with an AC holding voltage below the level at which the molecules migrate
 In a ferroelectric liquid crystal element, which is constituted by holding a chiral smectic liquid crystal exhibiting ferroelectricity between electrode substrates, and in which the liquid crystal presents a plurality of surface stabilization states according to an electric field applied through the electrode substrates, and an alternating electric field having a strength equal to or higher than a constant value is applied during a period for inhibiting transition of the surface stabilization state, and to a corresponding liquid crystal portion, within a range causing no transition, the strength of the alternating electric field to be applied during the period for inhibiting transition of the surface stabilization state, and to the corresponding liquid crystal portion is set to be equal to or lower than a predetermined value which does not cause the liquid crystal to flow. 
Canon Kabushiki Kaisha
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Osamu Hironobu Yutaka Shinjiro
Taniguchi Mizuno Inaba Okada