Young & Thompson
Laser diode having narrowed radiation angle characteristic
 An active layer 102 and a clad layer 103 are formed on a semiconductor substrate 101. The active layer including an optical guide layer and an optical confinement layer/formed so that the thickness of the active layer gradually decreases toward a light-emission-side end facet. Since a spot size is gradually expanded toward an emission end, the radiation angle of an emitted beam is narrowed and characteristics including a threshold current become superior. 
NEC Corporation
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Hirohito
Yamada