Microwave integrated circuit for Josephson voltage standards
 A microwave integrated circuit, comprised of one or more Josephson junctions and short sections of microstrip or stripline transmission line, is fabricated from thin layers of superconducting metal on a dielectric substrate. The short sections of transmission line are combined to form the elements of the circuit, and particularly, two microwave resonators. The Josephson junctions are located between the resonators, and the impedance of the Josephson junctions forms part of the circuitry that couples the two resonators. The microwave integrated circuit has an application in Josephson voltage standards. In this application, the device is asymmetrically driven at a selected frequency (approximately equal to the resonance frequency of the resonators), and a D.C. bias is applied to the junction. By observing the current-voltage characteristic of the junction, a precise voltage, proportional to the frequency of the microwave drive signal, is obtained. 
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Louis B. Robert A. Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Chu-Cheng Jaan
Holdeman Frosch Chang Toots