Shaft kiln
 Air heated outside the calcining zone of a shaft kiln is passed through raw material in a hopper mounted above the kiln in order to preheat the raw material. In one embodiment the preheating air is heated by an excess air burner which communicates with the hopper. In another embodiment, the hot calcined material is cooled by forcing cool air through it and the heated air is utilized as preheating air by directing it through a by-pass conduit which connects the cooling zone of the kiln with an extension of the hopper. In neither embodiment does the preheating air constitute combustion supporting air. 
A. P. Green Refractories Co.
F F
F27B F27B
inventional inventional
James L. James A.
Hill Crookston