Passive, non-invasive method to quantify objectively the level and density of a neural blockade
 Electromyogram, temperature and heart rate measurements, which correlate to the dermatomal level and density of neural blockade, are obtained in a passive manner, i.e., the patient is not stimulated or exposed to any sensor that requires an active conduction in order to make a measurement and no active patient participation or response is required. The measurements obtained provide objective and quantitative indications of, for example, epidural blockade with local anesthetics, thus, allowing objective real-time assessment of density and level of neural blockade. 
The Johns Hopkins University
A A A A A A
A61B A61B A61B A61B A61B A61B
additional additional additional inventional additional inventional
Wayne I. Robert S.
Sternberger Greenberg